The CCUS Technology Chain
The CCUS chain is a comprehensive system encompassing the key stages of carbon dioxide capture, transport, storage, and utilisation.
Its primary goal is to reduce CO₂ emissions by separating carbon dioxide from industrial or energy-related sources and subsequently either storing it safely or converting it into valuable products or raw materials for industrial use.
CO₂ Capture
The process of separating carbon dioxide from industrial or energy-related emissions before they are released into the atmosphere.
It can be carried out using various technologies, such as chemical absorption, physical adsorption, membrane separation, or cryogenic processes.
In direct air capture (DAC), advanced installations remove carbon dioxide directly from atmospheric air, enabling its subsequent utilisation or storage.
Key challenges include minimising the energy input and costs associated with the separation process.
CO₂ Transport
Transporting captured carbon dioxide to storage or utilisation sites is most commonly carried out via pipelines, although road, rail, and maritime transport are also possible.
Key challenges include ensuring process safety, developing transport hubs, and securing access to the necessary infrastructure.
CO₂ Storage
Long-term storage of CO₂ in underground geological formations, such as depleted oil and gas reservoirs or dedicated saline aquifers.
The process requires thorough monitoring and risk assessment to ensure the permanence and safety of carbon dioxide storage.
CO₂ Utilization
The use of captured CO₂ as a feedstock in various industrial processes, such as the production of building materials, synthetic fuels, chemicals, or fertilizers.
This approach supports the circular economy by reducing emissions and generating added value.